You can navigate between files by clicking on them or moving across them using the much faster command line.

The Root Directory

• The starting point for the file system is the root folder.

• We call it the root, but its actual directory name is "/"

• Confusingly, there is a sub-directory named "root". These are not the same!

• / refers to the root directory

  

The Home Directory

• /home contains a home folder for each user on the system. For example, my home folder is located at /home/mustafa

• It will contain all of the user’s files and directories.

• ~ refers to the home directory

pwd

• The print working directory command is super simple but very useful. Think of it as a "where am I" command.

• It will print the path of your present working directory, starting from the root /.

• For example, if I were on my desktop and I ran pwd, I would see /home/mustafa/Desktop

ls

• The list command will list the contents of a directory.

• When used with no options or arguments, it prints a list of the files and folders located in the current directory.

• We can also list the contents of a specific directory using ls path.

• For example, ls /bin will print the contents of the /bin directory

    ls # list contents of current directory
    ls /home/mustafa # list contents of /home/mustafa
  

cd

• The cd command is used to change the current working directory, "moving" into another directory.

• For example, cd chickens would change into the chickens directory (assuming it exists)

• First ls to list the directories and files and then cd to move into one of them

• cd /home/mustafa would take me to my home directory

    cd <directory>
  

  Backing Up

  • In Unix-like operating systems, a single dot (.) is used to represent the current directory.

  • Two dots (..) represent the parent directory.

  • So we can use cd .. to move up one level, from our current directory into the parent directory.

      cd .. # "back up" one level into the parent folder
    

Relative Paths

• When providing paths to commands like cd or ls, we have the option of using relative or absolute paths.

• Relative paths are paths that specify a directory/file relative to the current directory.

• For example, if our current directory is /home/mustafa and we want to cd into animals, we can simply run cd animals.

• However, cd animals does NOT work if we are located in another directory like /bin. The relative path from /bin is ../home/mustafa/animals

Absolute Paths

• Absolute paths are paths that start from the root directory (they start with a / )

• The absolute path to the animals directory is /home/mustafa/animals.

• We can use absolute paths to specify a location no matter our current location.

• For example, from the /bin directory I could use cd /home/mustafa/animals to change into the animals directory.

  

  Creating Files and Folders

  touch

  • To create a new file from the command line, use the touch command.

  • Provide a filename, and that file will be created for you (assuming it doesn't already exist)

  • You can also provide a path where it has to create the file

  • For example, touch chicken.txt would create a chicken.txt file in the current directory.

  • If you try to use touch with a file that already exists, it will simply update the access and modification dates to the current time.

  • You can also create multiple files by separating them with space

  • Don’t use spaces in filename, rather separate the words using a colon, underscore or use camelCase

      touch <filename>
      touch public/index.html
      touch <filename> <filename>
    
      my-website
      my_website
      myWebsite
    

mkdir

• To create new directories, we use the make directory(mkdir) command. We provide one or more directory names, and it will create them for us.

• For example, to create two new folders, images and styles, we could run mkdir images styles

  
    mkdir <foldername>
  

Deleting, Copying and Moving

rm

• We use the remove (rm) command to remove files from our machine.

• For example, rm app.js would remove the app.js file.

• You can also delete multiple files at the same time by separating them with spaces and using paths to remove files in other directories

• Note: rm DELETES FILES, there is no undo or recycling bin to retrieve them from! They are gone!

    rm <filename>
  

• To delete empty folders, we need to use the -d option with rm. For example, rm -d cats would remove the cats directory (only if it's already empty)

• To delete folders that are NOT empty, use the -r option which removes the directory and it’s contents recursively. For example, rm -r chickens would delete the chickens directory whether it's empty or not.

• You want to be careful when deleting directories!

    rm -r <foldername>
  

mv

• Use the move command (mv) to move files and directories from one location to another.

• When we specify a file or files as the source and a directory as the destination, we are moving the files into the directory.

• For example, mv app.css styles/ will move the app.css file into the styles directory.

• We can also use mv to move a directory to another directory.

    mv <source> <destination>
  

  Renaming

  • We can also use the move command to rename files and folders.

  • If we specify a single file as the source and a single file as the destination, it will rename the file. For example, to rename the chickens.txt file to roosters.txt, we could run mv chickens.txt roosters.txt

  • If we specify a single folder as the source and the destination doesn't yet exist, it will rename the folder. If the destination folder does exist, it will move our source folder into the destination.

    mv <current> <newname>

cp

• We can use the copy command to create copies of files and folders

• To create a copy of sheep.txt called dolly.txt, we could run cp sheep.txt dolly.txt

• To copy multiple files into another directory, use cp file1 file2 directory.

• To copy a directory to another directory, you have to use the -r option.

    cp <source> <destination>
  

Some Shortcuts Every Developer Should Know

• Use ctrl-l to clear the entire screen

• Use ctrl-a to move the cursor to the beginning of the line.

• Use ctrl-e to move the cursor to the end of the line.

• We can also use the history command to view the entire history

Often it's easiest to find an earlier command by searching using a small portion of the command that you remember.

Type ctrl-r to enter "reverse-i-search". As you start typing, bash will search the history and show you the best match.

Hit ctrl-r to cycle through potential matches.

Nano

• Nano is a simple text editor that we can access right from the terminal. It's far more accessible than other popular command-line editors like Vim and Emacs.

• Nano includes all the basic text editing functionality you would expect such as search, spellcheck, syntax highlighting, etc.

• To open up a file using nano, run nano FILE. For example, to open up the file book.txt using nano, we would run nano book.txt

• We can also use the same command to edit a file that doesn't yet exist (we can then save it and create the file).

• We can use CTRL + S to save and CTRL + X to exit

    nano filename